The Development of the Idea of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves

Abstract

From the outset, the concept of biosphere reserves has evolved alongside the drafting of international environmental instruments, both binding and non-binding, overseen by the United Nations. These activities have always been closely interrelated. The consistent purpose of these documents has been to promote the harmonious coexistence of people and the environment – a goal central to the mission of biosphere reserves. They consider technological progress and sustainable development, as well as the need to preserve biodiversity and natural resources for present and future generations. Between 22 and 26 September 2025, policymakers, researchers, entrepreneurs, and conservationists gathered in Hangzhou, China, for the Fifth World Congress of Biosphere Reserves. Together, they determined the future direction of biosphere reserves and the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. The aim of the Congress was to identify the actions required to address today’s challenges, particularly those related to climate change, land degradation, desertification, and degradation of marine ecosystems, and to examine the role that biosphere reserves can play in overcoming these processes. At the end of the meeting, participants endorsed the Hangzhou Strategic Action Plan and the Hangzhou Declaration, which emphasise the pivotal role of biosphere reserves in addressing current challenges, such as climate change. Furthermore, these documents place strong emphasis on the human rights aspect of biosphere reserves, recognising the valuable contributions of Indigenous Peoples, local communities, women, and young people to the conservation of natural resources. This article contributes to the ongoing discussion on the evolving role of biosphere reserves and the World Network of Biosphere Reserves in relation to global biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. It further argues that biosphere reserves and the World Network of Biosphere Reserves could facilitate the effective implementation of international instruments related to environmental protection and sustainable development.