Studia Iuridica Lublinensia is a scientific journal founded in 2003 at the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Poland. The journal publishes scientific articles, commentaries on judicial decisions, reviews and scientific conference reports, especially in the area of legal sciences (law). Studia Iuridica Lublinensia is issued four times a year. The editorial board may decide to release a special issue published as part of the regular publishing schedule or as an additional issue. Special issues are released to present specific research problems that are novel, particularly topical and contribute to filling a cognitive gap in the area of legal sciences. Since 2018, all scientific articles have been published in Studia Iuridica Lublinensia in English. The Polish-language version of an article may be published on the journal's website as an illustrative version if this is justified by the specificity of the Polish legal language and the possibility of using the research results in the practice of law-applying bodies. The editorial board may decide, on an exception basis, to publish a scientific article in French or German if this is justified by the research subject matter of the paper. Commentaries on judicial decisions are published in both English and Polish, due to the practical nature of this form of publication and the specific characteristics of the Polish legal language, and thus the possibility to pursue a regular dialogue between the courts and legal scholars. From 2021 the journal is published in an electronic version on the basis of open access. Studia Iuridica Lublinensia is on the list of scored scientific journals kept by the Minister of Education and Science and is indexed in Polish and international databases. Indexing: SCOPUS; BazHum; BazEkon; Biblioteka Nauki (Library of Science); Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); EBSCO; Index Copernicus International (ICI Journals Master List); Google Scholar; POL-index; The Central European Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (CEJSH); Central and Eastern European Online Library (CEEOL); The European Reference Index for the Humanities and the Social Sciences (ERIH PLUS); Wolters Kluwer on-line (LEX); WorldCat. 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Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
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Copyright (c) 2026 Jarosław Kostrubiec http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Principles of Regulating Attorney Incompatibility
Attorney incompatibility essentially excludes attorneys from engaging in other areas of the economy. The aim of this study is to define the principles that justify this restriction and to examine the legal rules governing the grounds for attorney incompatibility. To do this end, the author first defines the concept of attorney incompatibility and then distinguishes it from other legal institutions that restrict legal practice. Subsequently, he conducts a comprehensive analysis of the regulation of this legal institution in Hungary and Europe, its domestic historical development, as well as relevant constitutional case law and the practice of EU law. On this basis, the author attempts to systematize the principles that constitute the foundation of the regulatory framework. The study also serves as a starting point for examining the practical enforcement of these principles, in particular to determine the extent to which the various grounds of incompatibility are compatible with the competitive functioning of the legal profession and its role in the administration of justice in a market economy governed by the rule of law.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bertold Baranyi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relevance of the Proportionality Principle under DORA for the Interpretation of the Artificial Intelligence Act in the Context of AI-Based ICT Systems
This article constitutes a scientific and conceptual legal study examining the relationship between cybersecurity obligations applicable to high-risk AI systems and sector-specific ICT risk management in the financial sector under EU law. The research problem concerns the interpretation of the reference to “relevant circumstances and risks” in Article 15 (5) of the Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) when high-risk AI systems operate as components of ICT infrastructure within financial institutions. The article argues that these circumstances and risks should be interpreted in light of the proportionality framework laid down in Article 4 of the Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA). The aim of the research is to determine whether the proportionality criteria established in DORA may function as an interpretative benchmark for assessing the adequacy of cybersecurity measures required under the AI Act. The main thesis advanced is that the proportionality criteria concerning the size of the entity, its risk profile, and the nature, scale and complexity of its activities provide objective parameters for identifying the “relevant circumstances and risks” referred to in Article 15 (5) of the AI Act in the financial sector. The originality of the study lies in demonstrating the systemic complementarity between horizontal AI regulation, which applies regardless of the status of the entity using the AI system, and the sector-specific ICT operational resilience rules. The research is conducted at the level of EU law and contributes to the doctrinal interpretation of emerging EU digital regulations, offering practical relevance for supervisory authorities and financial institutions implementing cybersecurity obligations for AI systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dominik Bierecki http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The development of new technologies, including artificial intelligence, and the widespread use of ICT systems by various entities, including those responsible for ensuring military security, require particular attention to cybersecurity issues. Cybersecurity occupies a prominent place in the military sphere, which is reflected, among others, in the establishment of dedicated structures. Defence against threats emerging in cyberspace, constituting an operational domain, is also an issue dealt with by cyber military units. This article aims to analyse the military aspects of cybersecurity. It argues that cybersecurity in the military dimension is very important for defence. This is particularly true in a modern, digitised state, which must not only incur public expenses to ensure sufficient protection of the ICT systems used in this sphere but also invest in the digital skills and competencies of personnel responsible for operating these systems. Given the need to identify the status of research on the military dimension of cybersecurity, the literature on the subject was analysed. By applying the doctrinal legal research method, the normative aspects of cybersecurity were identified. In addition, both analytical and synthetic methods were applied.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pierre-Alexandre Boudy, Metodi Hadji-Janev, Mirosław Karpiuk http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Good Organizations and Good Governance: A Critical and Doctrinal Introduction to the First Part of Stroynowski’s “Speech in Defense of the Constitution of 3 May 1791”
The question of how to create good organizations and good government is a perennial one. The authors argue that both issues are addressed in the First Part of Hieronim Stroynowski’s Speech in Defense of the Constitution of 3 May, delivered on 1 July 1791. The Constitution of 3 May was an attempt both to modernize old ideas about human nature and human freedom and to establish new political institutions, namely a constitutional monarchy with a unique take on the tripartite separation of powers. However, like its American and French counterparts, the Constitution was not immediately and universally accepted. Its supporters therefore undertook extensive efforts to defend and promote it, not only among political elites but throughout society as a whole. The article is intended as a critical introduction to Stroynowski’s speech and presents the first full English translation of its first part, which focuses on questions of human nature, freedom, society, and government. As far as the authors are aware, this is the first full English-language translation of this section of the speech, which gives it significant historical value for scholars of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and of 18th-century political thought. The authors contend, however, that the value of recovering and introducing Stroynowski’s work to a contemporary audience is not limited to historians. The text offers a number of important and timeless reflections on fundamental aspects of the human condition that are still resonant today.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maho Furakawa, J. Patrick Higgins, Marek Tracz-Tryniecki http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
State Owners in the Internal Market: Medicine or Poison?
State-owned enterprises (SOEs) are among the largest market participants, and their importance has increased in recent decades. In developed economies, this trend is part of the functioning of a normal market economy, as SOEs can serve as instruments for addressing market failures. However, the presence of such companies may also create undue competitive advantages, as evidenced by some Chinese monopolies and by developments in certain Central and Eastern European countries experiencing democratic backsliding. The study analyzes the conflict between the benefits and the harms of SOEs in the context of the European Union’s internal market and the global economy, and seeks to identify the potential risks that state ownership may pose to European integration in the area of competition. The study is based on comparative legal research, complemented by quantitative analysis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ildikó Bartha, Tamás M. Horváth http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Challenges and Solutions – New Ways of Children’s Participation in Municipal Decisions in the Light of the Case of the Municipality of Lublin and the Municipality of Budapest
The involvement of children in decision-making poses a challenge for public bodies. Article 12 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child protects the right to express their views. However, in administrative decision-making, it is a challenge to enforce this principle, and the involvement of young people, especially children, in local decision-making is a crucial element of education for civic participation. The literature clearly demonstrates that children can express their views quite effectively on local affairs which impact them directly. It can be more significant in new democracies, where education for active participation in public life is even more important than in countries with long-established democratic traditions and institutions. This paper focuses on the analysis of the framework, challenges, and potential solutions for involving children and young people in municipal decision-making processes in Poland and Hungary. It should be noted that both countries belong to the relatively young democracies and have been building their democratic local government systems since the 1990s. The paper analyses the first regulations and solutions on the involvement of young people in local democracy, which were mainly institutionally centred and based on the representation of the children. We seek to demonstrate both the advantages and limitations of these representation-based solutions. Based on the limitations of these tools, new and more deliberative forms have evolved in Poland and Hungary. These developments have been linked to the digitalisation of decision-making processes and the digital environment that surrounds young people. These models, however, have challenges, and even these e-solutions have strong limitations. Another important issue is the analysis of opportunities for the participation of particularly vulnerable groups of children in these initiatives, especially children with disabilities and migrant children. The article also explores the challenges and opportunities associated with their inclusion. An important part of the initiatives discussed is the development of effective solutions. Therefore, the authors focus on the challenges of piloting such tools and institutions. Based on the development of the former solutions, the article formulates policy recommendations aimed at strengthening children’s participation at the local level in new democracies. These recommendations are based on the experiences of the European Youth Capital 2023 project in Lublin and on policies promoting the involvement of children in municipal decision-making in Budapest. In addition, one of the bases of the presentation is a current CLAP (“Children’s Involvement in Local Affairs for Active Participation”) project, which aims to enhance children’s participation based on a piloted in cooperation with local authorities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bernadette Somody, István Hoffman, Katarzyna Hanas, Jarosław Kostrubiec http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Crisis Management in the Event of a Natural Disaster
The article examines the preparedness of societies, states, and emergency services for the dynamically increasing number and intensity of natural disasters occurring in regions with different levels of technological development. The significance of this problem results from the accelerating effects of climate change, global demographic growth, and the rapid expansion of infrastructure, all of which contribute to a rising frequency and diversity of extreme events. The research aimed to identify the main factors shaping disaster risk, assess the capacity of national and international systems to respond to emerging threats, and analyse possibilities for reducing the social and economic consequences of these phenomena. The study employs the comparative system method supported by literature analysis and selected case studies, enabling a cross-regional evaluation of institutional preparedness and resilience mechanisms. The conducted analyses allow the formulation of the thesis that the global number of disasters will continue to grow, and that states and international structures must continuously adapt their preparedness systems to new threat profiles, taking into account even low-probability, high-impact events. The article contributes original insights into the challenges of disaster management under conditions of structural global change and highlights the cognitive and practical value of strengthening awareness, improving planning processes, and enhancing coordination between national and international actors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Krzysztof Kaczmarek, Paul McNamara, Michał Polak http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Axiological Foundations of Public Administration in a Digital World
Although the problems of public administration are universal in nature, new challenges and threats need to be identified as a result of changing circumstances. The phenomena of the modern world, such as globalisation, artificial intelligence, and the development of digital services, affect the functioning of public administration. To some extent, they have even shaken its rudiments. Public administration is becoming depersonalised; it is no longer meant to serve people, but first and foremost to meet their needs. The transformation of public administration should go hand in hand with an in-depth axiological discourse. A reductionist perspective, in which the citizen–administration relationship is perceived as exclusively one-sided, may, in the age of the triumph of digital services, lead to a fading awareness of the mission of public administration. So far, much space in the literature has been devoted to the axiology of administrative law, but the topic of the value of public administration itself – in the institutional dimension – has not been explored. There is a kind of cognitive dissonance and a potential conflict of values between the expectations formulated by citizens towards public administration and the conditions of the system in which officials operate. The aim of the article is to outline the impact of the digital world on the axiological “reorientation” of public administration. The use of descriptive and formal-dogmatic methods allows for the embedding of the issue in a defined legal framework, while the axiological method – used on the example of resolving conflicts of values – indicates one of the possible directions out of the impasse of dysfunctionality of public administration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dawid Kostecki http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Development of the Idea of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves
From the outset, the concept of biosphere reserves has evolved alongside the drafting of international environmental instruments, both binding and non-binding, overseen by the United Nations. These activities have always been closely interrelated. The consistent purpose of these documents has been to promote the harmonious coexistence of people and the environment – a goal central to the mission of biosphere reserves. They consider technological progress and sustainable development, as well as the need to preserve biodiversity and natural resources for present and future generations. Between 22 and 26 September 2025, policymakers, researchers, entrepreneurs, and conservationists gathered in Hangzhou, China, for the Fifth World Congress of Biosphere Reserves. Together, they determined the future direction of biosphere reserves and the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. The aim of the Congress was to identify the actions required to address today’s challenges, particularly those related to climate change, land degradation, desertification, and degradation of marine ecosystems, and to examine the role that biosphere reserves can play in overcoming these processes. At the end of the meeting, participants endorsed the Hangzhou Strategic Action Plan and the Hangzhou Declaration, which emphasise the pivotal role of biosphere reserves in addressing current challenges, such as climate change. Furthermore, these documents place strong emphasis on the human rights aspect of biosphere reserves, recognising the valuable contributions of Indigenous Peoples, local communities, women, and young people to the conservation of natural resources. This article contributes to the ongoing discussion on the evolving role of biosphere reserves and the World Network of Biosphere Reserves in relation to global biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. It further argues that biosphere reserves and the World Network of Biosphere Reserves could facilitate the effective implementation of international instruments related to environmental protection and sustainable development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Edyta Lis http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gender Identity: The New Global Reality. Can We Talk about Reverse Discrimination?
This article is of a conceptual and legal-research nature, examining the complex and often contentious issues surrounding equality, non-discrimination, and gender identity. The central research problem focuses on the increasing legal recognition of transgender individuals’ self-identified gender and the broader societal implications of this development. While many European Union Member States have moved toward greater inclusivity, this evolution remains controversial may affect the rights, beliefs, and expectations of other social groups. The main thesis of the article is that the expansion of transgender rights may give rise to tensions with established social norms, religious convictions, and the rights of women and children, particularly in areas such as education, family law, and public spaces. The study aims to critically assess the legal and ethical challenges associated with current trends in gender identity recognition and to examine whether the balance between individual freedoms and the collective interest is being adequately maintained. The article provides an original contribution by highlighting the lack of consensus among European legal systems and emphasizing the societal tensions that may arise when policy changes are driven by ideological or political agendas rather than by broad public deliberation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Carmen Oana Mihăilă http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Security of e-Administration in the System of Potential Threats in Cyberspace
This paper characterizes the mechanisms of building e-administration in the circumstances of possible and probable threats that are increasingly present in cyberspace. Currently, given the broad legal and functional context, state cybersecurity has become one of the key strategic objectives in terms of adequate protection of the interests and tasks of the state. The assurance of security in cyberspace by the public authorities, whether at the central or local governance level, aims to ensure proper safeguards to benefit the community of residents, supported by appropriate control mechanisms. Due to its considerable complexity and elaborate nature, the paper focuses on selected areas of e-government security where the public sector engages with respect to public safety and potential threats in cyberspace.
Copyright (c) 2026 Paweł Romaniuk http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Symmetry of Price Modification Clauses and Valorisation Clauses as a Safeguard of Consumer Rights
The subject of the study (scientific and research) is the answer to the question – on the example of price modification and valorisation clauses – whether the abusive nature of contractual provision is influenced by symmetry, i.e. identical regulation of a specific issue from the point of view of both parties to the agreement (including a loan agreement linked to a foreign currency). This is an extremely important issue from the point of view of the weaker party to the contract, i.e. the consumer, in relation to the entrepreneur. While in a significant number of cases the introduction of symmetrical contractual provisions into a contract sufficiently safeguards the interest of the consumer, constituting one of the solutions eliminating the abusiveness of a non-negotiable provision, in the case of the discussed provisions they may be considered abusive, even if the requirement of symmetry is met. In such a case, it is necessary to use other instruments to protect consumer interests. It is not sufficient to reserve the right of withdrawal from the contract in favour of the consumer (as adopted by the legislator), because in the case of monopolistic markets it is impossible to say that the consumer’s right is secured in this situation, as in the case of certain types of contracts, such as credit agreements. In order to protect consumer rights, in addition to the right of withdrawal and symmetry, in the event of price and cost changes, the following should be regulated: frequency of changes, postponement of change, or maximum limit for change. Such an analysis has not yet been carried out, including taking into account the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tomasz Szanciło http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Constitutional Reform in Kazakhstan during the Presidency of Kassym-Żomart Tokayev
The subject of the study is the constitutional reform in Kazakhstan during the presidency of Kassym-Jomart Tokayev. This reform is part of Tokayev’s liberalization of the authoritarian state system. The analysis focuses on the Law on Amendments and Additions to the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, adopted by referendum on 5 June 2022. The amendments introduced by the Law include, in particular, the limitation of the President of Kazakhstan to a single seven-year term of office, the strengthening of the role of Parliament, the establishment of the Constitutional Court, the possibility of filing a constitutional complaint, the reform of the electoral system governing parliamentary elections, and the enhancement of the autonomy of local self-government units. The study concludes that the constitutional reform in Kazakhstan did not result in the transformation of the system of government from a super-presidential to a presidential model, as announced by the presidential camp. Nevertheless, it strengthened the level of protection afforded to individual rights and freedoms within the state. The article is innovative due to the temporal scope of the issues examined therein.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jerzy Szukalski http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Why the Bad Man Obeys the Law: Richard A. Posner’s Economic Theory of Punishment
This article examines the problem of justifying punishment for murder, which is a new perspective that merges anthropological economic analysis with traditional legal discourse. The central focus of the study was Richard A. Posner’s theory of punishment. The main thesis contends that Posner’s concept, analysed from the perspective of legal anthropology, reveals shortcomings in the theory of punishment from a theoretical and legal standpoint. Previous studies, which question the economic justifications for self-defence and the incommensurability of value in murder verdicts, serve as examples. Legal norms should concentrate on economic consequences rather than moral considerations. The analysis of Posner’s concept points to a new direction for the study of punishment, which uncovers the essence of the pragmatic approach of American law. As Posner aptly emphasizes, this law emerged to restrain the “bad man” from breaking it. As the analysis of the Dudley case indicates, punishment in the case of killing a person will never be commensurate from the perspective of the law in a moral sense. If a person is “bad”, they may refrain from committing a crime if they cannot afford it. The research methodology is based on literature analysis and case study. The originality of the research findings lies in offering an alternative viewpoint on the problem of punishment, which can serve as a basis for further interdisciplinary discussions, thereby giving the article an international scope.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anna Tomza http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Simplified Forms of Criminal Proceedings and the Presumption of Innocence: The Romanian Experience
This research examines the legal configuration of the presumption of innocence within Romanian criminal procedure, with particular emphasis on its procedural components in the context of simplified trial mechanisms. Its primary objective is to evaluate how safeguards, such as voluntary and informed defendant’s consent, evidence admissibility standards, and judicial oversight, ensure the protection of fundamental rights in plea bargaining and abbreviated trial procedures. The study analyses the normative framework, including the legal conditions and procedural effects of these mechanisms. It underscores the importance of judicial review and legal guarantees in preventing violations of the presumption of innocence, ensuring procedural fairness, and balancing efficiency with fundamental rights. The originality of this research lies in the critical assessment of Romanian law compliance with European standards, offering recommendations for legal practice and policy modifications to enhance the protection of defendants’ rights. The findings contribute both to the theoretical understanding of procedural safeguards and to their practical implementation in criminal justice systems, reinforcing the integrity of legal procedures and safeguarding human rights.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mihail Udroiu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0